Research Papers, Essays, Term Papers.
Health
Type: thesis. Topic: Health. Code: heal0001.
Format: pdf. Pages: 130
Format: pdf. Pages: 130
A Comparison of Training Methods for Enhancing Climbing Performance
Enhanced climbing performance may be achieved by applying systematic and documented principles to training for climbing. The purposes of this study were (a) to determine if improvements in climbing performance and related physiological variables would result from systematic training on a motorized climbing treadmill, and (b) to compare the effectiveness of two types of prescribed cardiovascular training programs on a motorized climbing treadmill: high-intensity interval training (HIT) and endurance training (ET). Climbing-related anthropometric variables, climbing performance, climbing-specific cardiorespiratory fitness, and climbing-related muscular strength and endurance were measured on 27 volunteers (13 males, 14 females) between the ages of 18 and 37 years, prior to and following six weeks of systematic physical training using a motorized climbing treadmill. Subjects were randomly assigned to training groups, which were similar with regard to gender and climbing experience. The ET program consisted of a single 20-minute bout of climbing at 65-80% of measured pre-test VO2peak for each workout session,; the HIT program consisted of three 6-minute bouts of climbing at 80-95% of measured pre-test VO2peak, separated by three minutes of standing rest, for each workout session. Following training, climbing performance tended to be higher as a result of the HIT program compared to the ET program (p = 0.069), while climbing performance was significantly improved following training as a result of either program. Climbing-specific cardiorespiratory fitness did not differ between groups following training. With the exception of hand-grip strength, climbing-related muscular strength and endurance were significantly higher following training, with no differences observed between groups. Small yet significant improvements in climbing-related anthropometric variables were observed following training in both groups with no differences between groups. The results of this study show that six weeks of systematic physical training using a motorized climbing treadmill is capable of improving climbing performance, climbing-related strength and endurance, and climbing-related anthropometric variables. It was concluded that systematic training on a motorized climbing treadmill can be an effective method of increasing climbing-specific fitness and improving climbing performance.
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Type: thesis. Topic: Health. Code: heal0015.
Format: pdf. Pages: 48
Format: pdf. Pages: 48
Anemia among HIV-infected Individuals in South India
Objective: Although highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) resolves a significant proportion of anemia among HIV-patients in Western cohorts, outcomes may vary in developing countries, due to a higher prevalence of nutritional deficiencies, intestinal parasites, tuberculosis, and opportunistic infections. The purpose of this study is to describe the prevalence of, factors associated with, and influence of HAART on, anemia among HIV-infected individuals in South India.
Methods: To examine factors associated with anemia, the first-recorded hemoglobin values for adults who visited an HIV tertiary care center in Chennai, India between January 1996 and April 2006 were collected (n=7069). Univariate and multivariate regression analyses were performed to examine associations between anemia and stage of HIV disease, co-morbidities, and medications. To examine the influence of HAART use on anemia on a smaller subset of patients (n=401), the mean of baseline hemoglobin values measured within 3 months prior to HAART initiation was compared to the mean of follow-up hemoglobin values collected between 3-12 months after HAART initiation. A similar analysis based on the time of AIDS onset was performed for a control group of patients with clinical/immunological AIDS who never received HAART (n=77).
Results: The prevalence of anemia in the overall cohort was 40% by the WHO definition. While 22% of patients with CD4 counts >500 cells/ƒÝL had anemia, this increased to 60% for those with CD4 counts <100 cells/ƒÝL (p<0.001). In multivariate analysis, CD4 count <100 cells/ƒÝL, underweight body mass index, female sex, active tuberculosis, and lack of cotrimoxazole prophylaxis had significant associations with anemia. In the analysis of the influence of HAART on anemia, median baseline CD4 count and mean time to follow-up hemoglobin value were similar for both the HAART and control arms. For patients who initiated HAART, the mean baseline hemoglobin of 10.7g/dL significantly increased to 12.4g/dL during the year of follow-up (p<0.001). While 46.6% of patients were not anemic at HAART initiation, this increased significantly to 78.1% during follow-up (p<0.001). Severe grades 3 and 4 anemia decreased from 12.5% to 2% for those on HAART (p<0.001). For the control arm of patients who never received HAART, the increase in mean baseline hemoglobin from 10.50 to 11.10g/dL did not reach significance (p=0.06). While the percent of non-anemic patients increased from 40.3 to 54.5% on follow-up in this group, this was not significant (p=0.291).
Conclusion: Anemia is strongly correlated with the severity of immunosuppression in this population seen at an HIV tertiary referral center. Endemic malnutrition and tuberculosis further exacerbate the level of anemia. Anemia resolved in a large proportion of patients within the first year of HAART use. Therefore, antiretroviral therapy, nutritional supplementation, and aggressive tuberculosis treatment should be the cornerstones of anemia management in this setting. The high prevalence of anemia among patients with immunological AIDS complicates the roll-out of antiretroviral regimens containing zidovudine, a drug which may exacerbate anemia, and highlights the need for increased access to alternative nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors in developing countries.
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Type: analysis. Topic: Health. Code: heal0018.
Format: Ms Word. Pages: 25
Format: Ms Word. Pages: 25
Case study on children behavior
How much do Behavioral Disorders Affect Academic Development?
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Price: 1.99 GBP (2.38 EUR, 3.13 USD)
Type: term paper. Topic: Health. Code: heal0017.
Format: Ms Word. Pages: 16
Format: Ms Word. Pages: 16
Common Types of Sports Injuries
Common Types of Sports Injuries. Injuries in sport are very common especially in contact sports such as soccer, hurling, gaelic and rugby. The types of injuries vary all of the time but often enough you hear of people being ruled out of games because of
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Type: thesis. Topic: Health. Code: heal0008.
Format: pdf. Pages: 129
Format: pdf. Pages: 129
Consumer Awareness and Interest in Omega-3 Fats and Applications for Marketing Culinary Camelina Oil
Camelina sativa is a oilseed-bearing plant that grows in Montana and from which can be extracted oil containing 30-42% alpha-linolenic acid, an essential "omega-3" fatty acid. While researchers have associated certain health benefits with replacing other dietary fatty acids with alpha-linolenic acid and other omega-3 fatty acids, these are scarce in most Americans` diets. Current consumption levels are likely related to concurrent knowledge, beliefs, attitudes, and other behaviors about omega-3s and fat in general. The purpose of this study was to interview and survey likely targeted consumers to identify potential challenges and opportunities related to these factors for building interest and commitment to use culinary Camelina oil. Researchers intended results to facilitate determination of practical strategies for introducing Montana-produced Camelina oil as a viable commercial food product. Fifty athletes from the Greater Bozeman area ages 14-70 years participated in focus group discussions and sensory evaluation tests. Researchers split participants into 2 groups for each age category (high school, college, and adult), yielding 6 groups of 6-10 participants each. Participants evaluated the sensory characteristics of culinary Camelina as well as Canola, flaxseed, and extra virgin olive oil as straight oils and as components of spreads and vinaigrettes in a series of tests involving affective scales of like or dislike. Following the sensory evaluations, they engaged in focus group discussions concerning omega-3-related knowledge, beliefs, attitudes, behaviors, and potential Camelina marketing approaches. An additional group of 58 adult athletes completed a survey measuring knowledge, beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors related to dietary fat in general and omega-3s in particular. Study participants expressed varied amounts of sensory acceptance as well as apparent preparedness to consume culinary Camelina. Overall, their feedback indicated some likely consumer interest in products containing the oil, particularly if marketed to adults or sold in a vinaigrette.
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Type: thesis. Topic: Health. Code: heal0010.
Format: pdf. Pages: 108
Format: pdf. Pages: 108
Dietary protein versus supplemental protein in collegiate football athletes
Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine if muscle hypertrophy and strength gains in athletes can be equally attained through dietary protein intake versus protein supplementation. Methods: Performance measures, body composition, and blood lipids were compared in redshirt football players who completed an eleven week protocol of either protein supplementation (S, n=6, 28 grams 3x/week) versus whole food protein (NS, n=9, 8-28 grams 3x/week). Subjects completed two 3-day diet records to determine nutrient intake. Results: Both groups reported meeting their protein requirements, but caloric intake was below the recommendation. Similar increases (P=0.003) in lean body mass were measured in the S (pre 72.2 ± 6.6, post 73.0 ± 6.3 kg) and NS groups (69.3 ± 8.6, post 70.9 ± 8.8 kg). No significant differences were found between the two groups in performance variables. For example, bench press increased (P=0.01) from 251 ± 32 to 264 ± 36 pounds in the S group and from 245 ± 26 to 256 ± 28 in the NS group. Conclusion: Both S and NS groups consumed on average at least the recommended protein intake and protein supplementation did not offer any performance or anabolic advantage over whole food protein.
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Type: thesis. Topic: Health. Code: heal0007.
Format: pdf. Pages: 91
Format: pdf. Pages: 91
Food Security and Family Well-Being
Each year, millions of individuals in the United States experience hunger yet can not afford to obtain food. This feeling of hunger and uncertain ability to obtain food can have many consequences including food insecurity. Food insecurity is a growing problem which has severe implications for the individual and family. Among these implications are parental depression and child behavior problems. Additionally, there is increasing research pertaining to the uniqueness of rural locales and the increased risk for food insecurity in these areas. Although there is a growing body of literature examining food insecurity, no studies exist that examine the relationships between food insecurity, maternal depression, and child behavior among low-income families residing in rural locales. To shed light on this topic, this study examined the ways in which food insecurity-and varying levels of food insecurity-related to maternal depression and child behavior problems. This study also examined these variables as a function of rurality. And lastly, this study examined the combined effect of rurality and food insecurity on maternal depression and child behavior problems. Sixty-seven low income women were surveyed at either the local Food Bank or the Head Start program using a convenience sample. Respondents were asked to fill out an anonymous survey about their emotional well-being, child`s behavior, and food security status. This study found a significant positive relationship between food insecurity and maternal depression, reconfirmed a well established link between maternal depression and child behavior problems, and showed a significant relationship between food insecurity status and child behavior problems. Overall, mothers who experienced more food insecurity also reported experiencing higher levels of depression and more behavioral problems with their children. Contrary to expectations, this study did not find support for a relationship between food security status and rurality. The best predictor of maternal depression in this study was food security status. This study also examined the best predictors of child behavior problems. While food security status was a significant predictor of child behavior problems on its own, when we added maternal depression in the analyses, food security status failed to account for the variance in child behavior outcomes. Implications of the findings for research, practice, and policy are discussed.
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Type: thesis. Topic: Health. Code: heal0016.
Format: pdf. Pages: 53
Format: pdf. Pages: 53
Post-Exercise Hypotension in Brief Exercise
The purpose of this investigation was to examine whether a single 10 minute bout of exercise, performed at multiple intervals throughout the day to equal 30 minutes, can effectively elicit post-exercise hypotension (PEH). Secondly, it is important to explore whether a light (40% VO2R) or moderate (70% VO2R) intensity is required to elicit PEH within 10 minutes. Subjects (N=11) completed a VO2max test utilizing the Bruce Treadmill protocol. Each subject returned within 3 – 5 days to complete two separate exercising trials. A counter balanced system was employed so that each subject did not perform the same intensity rotation (Counter Balance 1 = 40% VO2R and 70% VO2R for session 1 and session 2, respectively; Counter Balance 2 = 70% VO2R and 40% VO2R for session 1 and session 2). The first session consisted of 3 sessions (morning, noon, evening) separated by an average of 3.5 hours at one of two intensities (40% VO2R or 70% VO2R). The second group of sessions were performed identical to the first, however, the intensity was altered depending upon counter balance. Baseline BP was measured prior to exercising. After each session, BP was measured at 2 intervals for the morning and noon sessions (immediately following and 20 minutes post-exercise); and at 3 intervals for the evening sessions (60 minutes post-exercise added) for both intensities. At 40% VO2R, BP decreased significantly at the morning (p = 0.007), noon (p = 0.018) and evening (p = 0.010) sessions at the 20 minute post-exercise interval. Although not significantly different, BP was observed to be lower at 60 minutes post-exercise interval. During the 70% VO2R session, BP was significantly lower at the morning 20 minute (p = .029) and evening 60 minute post-exercise measurements (p = .006) when compared to baseline. There was no significant difference noted between 40% and 70% VO2R intensities at eliciting a drop in BP at any interval at any time point. Although not statistically significant, 70% VO2R appeared to produce a further decrease at the 60 minute post-exercise measurement (102 mmHg) than did the 40% session (106 mmHg). The results of this study indicate that PEH may be elicited after a single 10 minute exercise session. Furthermore, multiple bouts of 10 minutes produce an accumulated decrease in BP that can be observed at the completion of the day.
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Type: thesis. Topic: Health. Code: heal0003.
Format: pdf. Pages: 98
Format: pdf. Pages: 98
Predicting Adolescent Sexual Activity using Individual, Familial, and Extra-Familial Variables
This study examined selected individual, familial, and extra-familial variables that predict adolescent sexual activity. This secondary data analysis used data gathered from a self-report survey, from 397 adolescents age 11 to 18 in three non-urban communities in the Pacific Northwestern United States. The study employed multiple hierarchical regression analyses to examine the strength of selected variables in predicting sexual activity. The final model accounted for 58% of the variance of sexual activity among youth. The best predictors of adolescent sexual activity were peer sexual activity, attitude about sexual intercourse, age, gender, mother`s education, and youth college aspiration. These finding have implications for future research, practitioners and policymakers.
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Type: thesis. Topic: Health. Code: heal0002.
Format: pdf. Pages: 60
Format: pdf. Pages: 60
The Consistency of Inflammatory Responses and Muscle Damage to High-Force Eccentric Exercise
High-force eccentric exercise causes muscle damage and leads to inflammation resulting in increased levels of C-reactive protein (CRP) and interleukin-6 (IL-6). Indicators of muscle damage are creatine kinase (CK), decreased maximal isometric strength, muscle soreness (SOR) and swelling. This study investigated rank ordering of eccentric exercise of the non-dominant (ND) and dominant (D) elbow flexors. Rank ordering is determined by the magnitude and duration of the inflammatory response indicated by CRP, IL-6 and IL-10. Twelve subjects enrolled in the study, nine subjects performed high-force eccentric exercise on each arm, 3 weeks apart, consisting of 3x15 reps in the ND and D elbow flexors. Blood samples were taken at pre-exercise (0h), 4h, 8h, 12h, 24h and 120h post-exercise. Two subjects were eliminated from the data analysis because of elevated baseline IL-6 levels and insufficient strength losses. A Spearman rank order correlation was used to determine the consistency of the inflammatory response. A repeated measures ANOVA was used to detect significant changes over time and between arms as well as to determine an arm by time interaction. For CRP, no significant rank order correlation was detected and a RM ANOVA detected no significant differences. For IL-6, no significant rank order correlation was detected, but a trend (p = 0.071) was found. Also, a RM ANOVA detected a trend (p = 0.107) for IL-6 with a peak increase at 8h post-exercise. A significant rank order correlation was detected for CK (p < 0.05). A RM ANOVA detected a trend (p = 0.099) for a higher response in the ND arm. A significant rank order correlation was detected for maximal isometric strength (p < 0.05). A RM ANOVA detected significant strength decreases (p < 0.001) immediately post-exercise for both the ND and D arms. No significant rank order correlation was found for muscle soreness. A significant increase (p < 0.001) in soreness was detected at 24h post-exercise. For swelling, no significant rank order correlation was detected and no significant changes occurred. The consistency of the inflammatory response after high-force eccentric exercise in the ND and D elbow flexors is undetermined at this time.
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